A Concept of Human Embryology in Light of the Indaka Sutta: A Comparative Study · SBAM Repository

Title: A Concept of Human Embryology in Light of the Indaka Sutta: A Comparative Study
Author: Ashin Tikkhācāra
Level: MA
Class: MA Research
Sītagū International Buddhist Academy, Sagaing
Type: Research Paper
Format: PDF
Language: English
Subject: Buddhist Studies
Date: 2026
Place: Mandalay
Publisher: Sitagu Buddhist Academy Mandalay
Rights Holder: Sitagu Buddhist Academy Mandalay
Abstract: This research explores the beginning of human life and the concept of personhood from the perspectives of both Theravāda Buddhism and modern medical science. Specifically, it focuses on the processes of human conception, embryonic development, and the vital role of consciousness. The study compares the Buddhist view, as described in the Indaka Sutta and other Pāḷi texts, with modern scientific embryology. According to Buddhism, conception requires the combination of sperm, egg, and consciousness (gandhabba), which drives the development of a human being. In contrast, modern medicine explains conception through biological data, focusing strictly on the physical progression of cells and organs. The research examines how early Buddhist texts describe the sequential stages of embryonic growth and aligns them with modern biological stages. Furthermore, it investigates when an embryo is officially regarded as a human being under both frameworks, especially during the earliest stages of development. Finally, the study examines contemporary ethical views surrounding abortion, birth control, and the moral status of the embryo. Ultimately, this comparative study aims to provide a deeper, harmonious understanding of how ancient Buddhist wisdom and modern science approach the beginning of human life and its related ethical discussions.

Keywords: Embryology, Consciousness, Fetal Development, Medical Science, Buddhism, Personhood, Beginning of Life, Abortion Ethics.

Item sets: SBAM 6th Annual Seminar Proceedings 2026